Translation and cultural adaptation of the Children's Experiences of Dental Anxiety Measure (CEDAM) to Brazilian Portuguese / Tradução, adaptação cultural e análise das propriedades psicométricas da "Children's Experiences of Dental Anxiety Measure" para uso em crianças brasileiras

Objetivo: A escala Children's Experiences of Dental Anxiety Measure (CEDAM) foi originalmente desenvolvida em Inglês para avaliar importantes aspectos da ansiedade odontológica em crianças. Os objetivos do estudo foram traduzir e realizar a adaptação cultural da CEDAM para o Português Brasileiro. Material e Métodos: A CEDAM consiste de 14 itens, medidos por escala Likert de 3 pontos, que indica a intensidade da ansiedade odontológica. O questionário foi traduzido para o Português Brasileiro, retraduzido para o Inglês, revisado por um Comitê de Especialistas e pré-testado em 10 escolares de oito a doze anos. Resultados: O Comitê Revisor de Especialistas comparou as versões original, traduzida (T1, T2) e retraduzida (BT1, BT2) e recomendou algumas mudanças a fim de obter uma boa compreensão dos itens. No pré-teste, somente a questão 8 não foi compreendida por uma criança, isto é, a versão traduzida foi bem compreendida por mais de 85% dos participantes. Conclusão: A versão brasileira da CEDAM foi culturalmente adaptada para a população avaliada de crianças.(AU)

Objective: The Children's Experiences of Dental Anxiety Measure (CEDAM) was originally developed in English to assess important aspects of dental anxiety for children. The aims of the study were to translate and perform the cultural adaptation of the CEDAM to Brazilian Portuguese. Material and Methods: The CEDAM consists of 14 items, measured by a Likert scale of 3 points, that indicates the intensity of dental anxiety. The questionnaire was translated to Brazilian Portuguese, back-translated to English, reviewed by an Expert Committee and pretested in 10 eight- to twelve-year-old schoolchildren. Results: The Expert Committee Review compared the original, translated (T1, T2) and back-translated (BT1, BT2) versions and recommended some changes in order to achieve good understanding of the items. In the pretest, only question 8 was misunderstood by one child, i.e., the translated version was well-understood by more than 85% of the participants. Conclusion: The Brazilian CEDAM was culturally adapted for the evaluated population of children(AU)

Uso de óxido nitroso como sedação consciente por profissionais de odontologia no Rio Grande do Sul: um estudo transversal / Prevalence of nitrous oxide use as conscious sedation by dentistry professionals in Rio Grande do Sul: a cross-sectional study

Objetivo: Avaliar fatores associados, percepção e prevalência do uso de óxido nitroso por cirurgiões-dentistas do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Metodologia: Realizou-se um estudo transversal, de base eletrônica, com profissionais registrados no Rio Grande do Sul. A coleta de dados baseou-se no envio, por e-mails e campanhas no Instagram, de um questionário via plataforma Google Forms contendo 27 questões acerca do uso de óxido nitroso em atendimentos odontológicos, bem como o perfil e as percepções dos profissionais sobre a técnica. Resultados: Dos 220 participantes, apenas 12,3% utilizava o óxido nitroso em sua prática clínica, sendo as especialidades que mais utilizavam, cirurgia e odontopediatria. Dentre os que reportaram utilizar a técnica, 81,5% tinham mais de 29 anos (p<0,001) e possuíam curso de pós-graduação, sendo que destes, 55,6% realizou o curso de habilitação (p<0,01) e mais da metade (55,6%) relatou utilizar em pacientes adultos (p<0,001). O alto custo do equipamento, bem como a falta de interesse dos profissionais, foram as principais razões para o não uso da técnica. Conclusão: A técnica de sedação consciente com óxido nitroso é pouco usada pelos cirurgiões-dentistas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. É possível que a ampliação do conhecimento acerca da indicação e aplicação do óxido nitroso, ainda durante a graduação, possa expandir o uso e contribuir para uma melhor qualidade no atendimento de pacientes com medo e ansiedade odontológicos. (AU)

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate associated factors, perception and prevalence of nitrous oxide use by dental surgeons in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methodology: A cross-sectional, electronic-based study was carried out with professionals registered in Rio Grande do Sul. Data collection was based on sending, via emails and Instagram campaigns, a questionnaire via the Google Forms platform containing 27 questions about the use of nitrous oxide in dental care, as well as the profile and perceptions of professionals about the technique. Results: Of the 220 participants, only 12.3% used nitrous oxide in their clinical practice, the specialties they used most being surgery and pediatric dentistry. Among those who reported using the technique, 81.5% were over 29 years old (p<0.001) and had a postgraduate course, of which 55.6% completed the qualification course (p<0.01) and more than half (55.6%) reported using it in adult patients (p<0.001). The high cost of the equipment, as well as the lack of interest from professionals, were the main reasons for not using the technique. Conclusion: The conscious sedation technique with nitrous oxide is little used by dental surgeons in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. It is possible that expanding knowledge about the indication and application of nitrous oxide, even during graduation, can expand its use and contribute to a better quality of care for patients with dental fear and anxiety. (AU)

Tratamento de mordida aberta causada por excessivo hábito de sucção de chupeta por meio de uma abordagem psico-pedagógica. acompanhamento por 11 anos: relato de caso / Treatment of open bite caused by excessive pacifier sucking through a psycho-pedagogical approach. follow-up for 11 years: case report

Objetivo: reportar o sucesso da utilização de uma abordagem psico-pedagógica precoce para resolução de uma mordida mordida aberta lateral causada por sucção de chupeta. Relato do caso: paciente com 3 anos de idade em dentadura decídua, sexo feminino, apresentando mordida aberta unilateral. Foi empregada uma técnica psico-pedagógica, utilizando terapia cognitivo-comportamental para ajudar a criança a lidar com questões, como estresse e ansiedade, por meio da contação de histórias por meio de livros infantis especializados. Resultado: após 2 anos de acompanhamento a mordida aberta foi completamente corrigida e não houve recorrência do hábito. Após 11 anos de acompanhamento, observou- se estabilidade da auto-correção, sem recorrência da mordida aberta lateral. Conclusão: uma vez que crianças em idade pré-escolar podem não apresentar maturidade suficiente para uso de aparelhos interceptativos, uma abordagem psico-pedagógica pode ser uma opção de tratamento viável.

Objective: the purpose of this article is to report a successful approach in an early psycho-pedagogical approach in a case of lateral open bite. Case report: a 3-year-old female patient in deciduous dentition presenting an unilateral open bite. A psycho-pedagogical technique was employed, using cognitive behavioral therapy to help the children to deal with issues, as stress and anxiety through the storytelling by means of specialized children´s books. No interceptive conduct was used. Results: after 2 years of follow-up, the open bite was completely corrected and there was no recurrence of the habit. After 11 years of follow-up, stability of self-correction was observed, with no recurrence of lateral open bite. Conclusion: since preschool-aged children may not be mature enough to use orthodontic interceptive devices, a psycho-pedagogical approach may be a viable treatment option.

Caracterización de la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico en pacientes adultos de La Habana / Characterization of anxiety to stomatological treatment in adult patients from Havana

Introducción: La ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico es un evento psicológico presente en pacientes de diferentes continentes y culturas. Objetivo: Describir características epidemiológicas de la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico en una población cubana. Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal en 240 pacientes adultos de La Habana. Como instrumentos de medida se utilizó la escala ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico, versión cubana, y un cuestionario referido a datos sociodemográficos y etiológicos. Los instrumentos se aplicaron en la sala de espera de las unidades asistenciales seleccionadas. La prueba ji al cuadrado se utilizó para establecer asociaciones entre variables y el coeficiente de contingencia para expresar la intensidad de la relación. Resultados: Se obtuvo una prevalencia de 88,7 por ciento y un predominio de ansiedad moderada y severa del 34,6 por ciento y 30,4 por ciento, respectivamente. El grupo etario de 20 a 34 años predominó en la categoría de ansiedad severa y las mujeres en la moderada. Los pacientes que viven sin pareja, con nivel educacional de secundaria y preuniversitario presentaron ansiedad moderada y severa. Los factores etiológicos tipo de tratamiento y relación médico-paciente inadecuada se agruparon en su mayoría en la categoría de ansiedad moderada. Conclusiones: La ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico tiene una alta prevalencia en la población cubana. Epidemiológicamente se caracterizó por niveles moderado y severo, en el sexo femenino, trabajadores y en el nivel medio escolar. Todos los factores etiológicos estuvieron relacionados con el desarrollo de la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico(AU)

Introduction: Anxiety to dental treatment is a psychological event present in patients from different continents and cultures. Objective: To describe epidemiological characteristics of anxiety to dental treatment in a Cuban population. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 240 adult patients from Havana. As measurement instruments, a Cuban version of the anxiety scale to stomatological treatment and a questionnaire referring to sociodemographic and etiological data were used. The instruments were applied in the waiting room of the selected care units. The Ji-square test was used to establish associations between variables and the contingency coefficient to express the intensity of the relationship. Results: A prevalence of 88.7 percent and a predominance of moderate and severe anxiety of 34.6 percent and 30.4 percent, respectively, were obtained. The age group from 20 to 34 years prevailed in the category of severe anxiety and women in moderate. Patients who live without a partner, with secondary and pre-university educational levels, showed moderate and severe anxiety. The etiological factors type of treatment and inadequate medical-patient relationship were mostly grouped in the category of moderate anxiety. Conclusions: Anxiety to dental treatment has high prevalence in the Cuban population. Epidemiologically, it was characterized by moderate and severe levels, in the female sex, workers and in the middle school level. All the etiological factors were related to the development of anxiety to dental treatment(AU)

Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the "Child Drawing: Hospital" (CD:H) Scale for Paediatric Dentistry in Brazil

Abstract Objective: To translate and perform the cross-cultural adaption of the CD:H scale for use in Paediatric Dentistry in Brazilian Portuguese language. Material and Methods: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the CD: H was carried out in four stages: 1) translation of the instrument; 2) reverse translation (back translation); 3) cross-cultural adaptation, and 4) face validation. Face validation consisted of the evaluation of 30 subjects from the target population. A pilot study was conducted with 15 children aged 5-10 years treated at a university dental clinic and their drawings were analysed by two dentists. Data were analysed using Stata 12.0. Results: In the face validation, most items were understood; however, some words were changed, and terms were included to identify the dental environment. Good reproducibility was obtained: inter-examiner reliability was 0.9647 and intra-examiner reliability was 0.9619 for examiner A and 0.8260 for examiner B. Conclusion: The Brazilian version of the CD:H scale is a useful tool for dentists, helping identify children's emotions and being enjoyable for them.

Knowledge, Dental Anxiety, and Patient Expectations During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Objective: To assess the knowledge, dental anxiety, and expectations regarding dental services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: The respondents were Indonesian citizens above 18 years old. An online Google survey was administered using a structured questionnaire with a snowball sampling technique. Survey items comprised knowledge related to COVID-19, dental anxiety assessed using the modified DAS (Dental Anxiety Scale) and expectations regarding dental services using four dimensions of dental service quality. All questionnaires were tested for reliability and indicated acceptable and good agreement. The data were analyzed descriptively. Results: A total of 553 responses were analysed. Most respondents were female (72.9%), 76.7% knew of recommendations to postpone dentist visits and 86.8% knew methods of preventing COVID-19 transmission. More than 70% of respondents knew the precaution procedures in the dental office during COVID-19, and only 27.9% had moderate-severe anxiety. Most respondents' expectations regarding dental services during the pandemic era were related to the quality domain of reliability and responsiveness. Conclusion: Respondents knew about COVID-19 transmission and prevention, emergency conditions warranting a visit to the dentist and the procedures used at the dental office. Most respondents stated that they were not anxious about visiting a dentist during the pandemic. The respondents expect the dentist to provide sufficient information to improve oral health and treatment plan.

Prevalence of Dental Fear and its Association with Painful Oral Conditions in Adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of dental fear and evaluate its association with dental caries and with Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in schoolchildren aged 11-14 years. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 375 adolescents in Campina Grande, Brazil. Socioeconomic and oral health information was collected, while dental fear was measured using the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS). The diagnosis of dental caries and MIH was performed by three trained examiners (κ ≥ 0.61) using the International Caries Detection & Assessment System - ICDAS II and a previously validated index, respectively. Data were descriptively analyzed using the Chi-Square, Fisher's Exact, and Poisson regression tests with robust variance (p<0.05). Results: The prevalence of dental fear was 18.4%, and the mean CFSS-DS total score was 28.96 ± 8.92. After adjusting for covariates family structure, schooling of parents/guardians, type of dental health service and dental pain in the last six months, the prevalence of dental fear was associated with dental pain in the last six months (PR=2.03; 95%CI=1.31-3.16; p=0.002). Conclusion: Although no association was found between dental fear, dental caries and MIH in adolescents, those who experienced dental pain in the last six months had a higher prevalence of dental fear.

Dental Fear/Anxiety in Children and Child Emotional and Behavioural Problems

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between emotional and behavioural problems and dental fear/anxiety (DFA) in children aged four to 12 years treated at a clinic in southern Brazil. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study where mother-child dyads were interviewed, emotional and behavioural problems were investigated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (considering five subscales). Children's DFA was evaluated through the Venham Picture Test. For each SDQ subscale, Poisson regression model was explored. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated, considering a significant level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: Overall, 128 children participated in this study. Most children were female (54.7%) and aged between 7 and 9 years (39.8%). The prevalence of emotional problems was 47.7% and behavioural problems were 46.1%. The prevalence of DFA was 18.8%. Children with emotional problems had a 2.3 higher prevalence of DFA (95%CI 1.06-5.04). In general, behavioural problems were not associated with DFA (95%CI 0.84-3.34) only when conduct problems were considered (2.20; 95%CI 1.02-4.70). Conclusion: Children aged between 4 and 12 years who present emotional and conduct problems tend to show higher DFA.

Child Stress and Behaviour During Restorative Treatment under Non-Pharmacological Techniques and Sedation: A Case Series

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the behaviour and stress of children undergoing restorative treatment with and without sedation. Material and Methods: Participants were 14 healthy children aged between 2.5 and 6 years and with a history of dental behavioural management problems. In the dental treatment visit, the child was treated with non-pharmacological techniques, and in the second, moderate sedation was added. The child received the same procedure performed by a paediatric dentist in both visits: composite resin restoration using local anaesthesia and rubber dam isolation. In both visits, saliva was collected at the children's arrival at the dental clinic, during local anaesthesia and at the end of treatment. The visits were filmed for later analysis of behaviour according to the Ohio State University Behavioural Rating Scale. Results: About 78.5% of children improved their behaviour from the first to the second visit. The salivary cortisol curve of the first visit was maintained in the second visit for 21.4% of children but varied in the remaining participants. Conclusion: Most children presented better behaviour and less stress when sedation was added to non-pharmacological techniques during dental care.

Pediatric dentist attire and relationship with anxiety in children and parents during Covid-19 pandemic

Aim The study aimed to evaluate children's and parent's preferences of dentist's attire during Covid-19 pandemic and their relationship with dental anxiety. Methods A total of 139 Children(71 boys, 68 girls) aged 6-12 years were shown videos of a pediatric dentist working with different attire such as Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and pedoscrub, and they were asked to express the way they preferred their dentist to be dressed. Children's anxiety levels with different attire of paediatric dentists were assessed in different age groups and for boys and girls separately and recorded it using the Facial image scale. A questionnaire regarding dental anxiety was created online and completed by 139 parents (76 females, 63 males) of various ages and different educational backgrounds who were asked to choose between two outfits. Results were tabulated and statistically analysed using Chi-square test. Results Children aged 10-12 years preferred PPE by 50.6%, whereas 48.1% of children aged 6-9 years least preferred PPE (<0.05). About 46 (33%) were scored as anxious children and they had a preference for pedoscrub. Also, nonanxious children 43(31%) preferred PPE. All educated parents (100%) selected PPE over pedoscrub and the result were shown to be statistically significant. (<0.05). Conclusion Ultimately, the majority of the anxious children chosen pedoscrub, whereas non - anxious children have chosen PPE. Furthermore, the data reveals that both educated parents and older children preferred PPE as their attire for paediatric dentists.

Comparative study about the factors associated with parental dental anxiety in a peruvian hospital / Estudio comparativo de factores asociados con la ansiedad dental parental en un hospital peruano

Background: Dental anxiety is a source of problems in the dental treatment that can lead to dental avoidance. Objective: Determine and compare the factors associated with dental anxiety in Peruvian parents. Material and Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample consisted of children from 3 to 6 years old and their companions, who attended the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño in Lima, Peru. The Corah anxiety scale, the dental fear questionnaire and the Frankl scale were used to assess anxiety, parental dental fear, and children's collaboration. The following variables were also evaluated: negative dental experience, treated tooth and treatment of the children. Chi-square statistical tests, Mann-Whitney U and the binary logistic regression model were used. Results: The sample consisted of 325 children and their companions. An association was found between gender (OR = 2.456; 95% CI: 1.037 - 5.818), child collaboration (OR = 0.044; 95% CI: 0.044 - 0.543) and maternal anxiety (p<0.05). Furthermore, there was an association between dental fear (OR = 3.569; 95% CI: 1.136 - 11.218), child collaboration (OR = 0.023; 95% CI: 0.003 - 0.172) and paternal anxiety (p<0.05). Conclusion: The factor associated with maternal dental anxiety was the sex of the child, and on the father's side, it was the dental fear experienced by them. Moreover, the component affiliated with both parents was the child's collaboration.

Introducción: La ansiedad dental es una fuente de problemas en el tratamiento odontológico que puede conducir a la evitación dental. Objetivo: Determinar y comparar los factores asociados a la ansiedad dental en padres peruanos. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. La muestra estuvo compuesta por niños de 3 a 6 años de edad y sus acompañantes que asistieron al Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño en Lima, Perú. Se usó la escala de ansiedad de Corah, el cuestionario de miedos dentales y la escala de Frankl para evaluar ansiedad, miedo dental parental y colaboración de los niños respectivamente. También se evaluaron las siguientes variables: experiencia dental negativa, pieza dental tratada y tratamiento de los niños. Se utilizaron las pruebas estadísticas de Chi-cuadrado, U de Mann-Whitney y el modelo de regresión logística binaria. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 325 niños y sus acompañantes. Se encontró una asociación entre el sexo (OR =2.456; 95%IC: 1.037 ­ 5.818), colaboración del niño (OR=0.044; 95%IC: 0.044 ­ 0.543) y la ansiedad materna (p<0.05). Se encontró una asociación entre el miedo dental (OR= 3.569; 95% IC: 1.136 ­ 11.218), colaboración del niño (OR= 0.023; 95% IC: 0.003 ­ 0.172) y la ansiedad paterna (p<0.05). Conclusión: El factor asociado a la ansiedad dental materna fue el sexo del niño, y en el padre, fue el miedo dental experimentado por el mismo. El factor asociado a ambos padres fue la colaboración del niño.

Associação entre características infantis e estresse de alunos de graduação durante atendimento odontopediátrico / Association between childhood characteristics and stress in undergraduate students during pediatric dental care

Objetivo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre as características das crianças com o estresse apresentado por estudantes de graduação em Odontologia durante o atendimento odontopediátrico. Materiais e métodos: Participaram 48 crianças com idade entre 6 e 10 anos e 37 alunos voluntários do 7º, 8º e 9º semestres de um curso de Odontologia. Foi realizado um questionário sobre aspectos socioeconômicos e também coletados dados sobre comportamento, percepção de dor e ansiedade da criança e do responsável. Ainda, foram coletados dados relacionados aos alunos da graduação: sexo, semestre, nível de estresse, tipo de procedimento realizado. Foram obtidas as frequências absolutas e relativas por meio da análise descritiva dos dados. As comparações nos desfechos de interesse foram feitas utilizando o teste quiquadrado para variáveis dicotômicas e categóricas, teste linear por linear para variável ordinal e teste exato de Fischer para contagens menor do que 5. Foi adotado um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos operadores que atenderam crianças não colaboradoras relataram nível de estresse alto (83,33%) (p<0,001). Os operadores que atenderam crianças com nível de ansiedade médio ou alto relataram nível de estresse alto (p= 0,043) e em pacientes com dor, o nível de estresse da maioria dos operadores foi considerado alto (75%) (p=0,001). Conclusão: as características das crianças influenciaram no estresse apresentado pelo aluno operador durante o atendimento odontológico infantil. Crianças ansiosas, não colaboradoras e que estavam sentindo dor durante o atendimento deixaram o operador mais estressado.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the characteristics of children and the stress presented by undergraduate dentistry students during pediatric dental care. Materials and Methods: Participants were 48 children aged between 6 to 10 years old and 37 volunteer students from the 7th, 8th and 9th semesters of a Dentistry course. A questionnaire on socioeconomic aspects was carried out and data on behavior, perception of pain and anxiety of the child and the guardian were also collected. Also, data related to undergraduate students were collected: sex, semester, stress level, type of procedure performed. Absolute and relative frequencies were obtained through descriptive data analysis. Comparisons in the outcomes of interest were made using the chi-square test for dichotomous and categorical variables, linear by linear test for ordinal variable, and Fisher's exact test for counts less than 5. A significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: The results showed that students who assisted non-cooperative children reported a high level of stress (83.33%) (p<0.001). Students who assisted children with medium or high levels of anxiety reported high levels of stress. (p=0.043) and in patients with pain, the students' stress level was considered high (75%) (p=0.001). Conclusion: The characteristics of the children influenced the stress presented by the student during child dental care. Anxious children, noncooperative and who were in pain during care left the student more stressed.

Dental anxiety among the adult residents of Barangay Cambaog, Bustos, Bulacan, Philippines

Background@#Dental anxiety (DA) creates a vicious cycle of dentist avoidance, oral health neglect, increased unmet treatment needs, compromised well-being and quality of life (QoL), which then generates added anxiety. The prevalence of DA among adult Filipinos has not been investigated. @*Objectives@#This study aimed to establish baseline data on dental anxiety among the adult residents of Barangay (Brgy.) Cambaog, Bustos, Bulacan, Philippines. @*Methodology@#Three hundred thirty-six (336) randomly selected adult residents completed a questionnaire that included demographics, frequency of dental visits, self-assessment of their oral health status, the Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), and reasons for their DA. @*Results@#The study showed that 11% of the 336 participants had DA, were young adults, affecting twice as many women than men, had lower levels of education, and with a lessening of anxiety with age. Participants with DA were also found to have infrequent dental visits, were symptom-driven, had poorer self-assessed oral health status, and only 13% of the respondents with DA viewed their oral health as healthy. Needles, tooth extraction, pain, previous negative experience, and sound of the drill were some of the triggers that elicited anxiety. @*Conclusion@#DA affects a proportion of the adult residents of Brgy. Cambaog and can be considered a dental public health problem. The use of screening tools like DAS should be considered for the early recognition of patients with DA so that management measures may be taken to enhance the delivery of oral health services.

Estudio del miedo en pacientes frente a la extracción del tercer molar / Study of fear in patients facing third molar extraction

El tratamiento odontológico sigue siendo percibido en la actualidad como una experiencia atemorizadora para muchas personas. Se han establecido diversos métodos para tratar de evaluar el temor y ansiedad que refieren las personas cuando deben recibir tra-tamientos bucales. Sin embargo, estos no han sido aplicados adecuadamente como parte de la atención clínica cotidiana. Considerando esto, podría suponer-se que el miedo es uno de los factores desencadenan-tes en la deserción de los tratamientos odontológicos, y las personas asistirían solo en el momento de una urgencia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el afrontamiento de emociones (miedo) en los pacien-tes que concurren a la consulta para la extracción de un tercer molar en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (FOUBA). La metodología que se utilizó fue cuantitativa y cualitativa. El diseño fue exploratorio-descriptivo (AU)

Dental treatment is still perceived today as a frightening experience for many people. Various methods have been established to try to assess the fear and anxiety that people report when they must receive oral treatments, however, these have not been adequately applied as part of daily clinical care. Considering this, it could be assumed that fear is one of the triggering factors in desertion of dental treatments and people would attend only at the time of an emergency. The objective of this study was to analyze the coping with emotions (fear) in patients who attend the consultation for the extraction of a third molar at the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires (FOUBA). The methodology used was quantitative and qualitative. The design was exploratory-descriptive (AU)

Interaction of dental anxiety and ABO secretor status of blood group on dental caries in a group of children / Interação da ansiedade odontológica e o status secretor do grupo sanguíneo ABO na carie dental em um grupo de crianças

Objective: To evaluate the interaction of the dental anxiety precedents at the first dental examination and the AB secretor status of blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) on dental caries experience and severity in a group of school children. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study included 81 healthy children aged 6-8 years from primary schools in Baghdad; with negative previous dental visit. Dental anxiety represented by physiological measures was measured by pulse oximeter. Dental caries experience and severity was recorded. Unstimulated salivary samples were taken from the children to determine the salivary secretor status for AB blood type. Results: The anxiety was decreased as age increases; boys were more anxious than girls; and more anxious children were found in non-secretor group; Dental caries was higher in non-secretor anxious children all with non-significant difference. Conclusion: There is little evidence that the AB secretor status and anxiety to have influence on dental caries experience and severity, as there are many factors may interact to propagate the caries experience and severity. (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar a interação dos precedentes da ansiedade odontológica no primeiro atendimento e o status secretor do grupo sanguíneo ABO (A, B, AB, and O) na experiência e severidade de carie dental em um grupo de crianças em fase escolar. Material e Métodos: Este estudo cruzado incluiu 81 crianças saudáveis, com 6-8 anos de idade de escola primária em Baghdad; sem atendimento odontológico prévio. A ansiedade odontológica representada por medidas fisiológicas foi avaliada pelo oxímetro de pulso. A experiência à cárie bem como a severidade foram registradas. Amostras de saliva não estimulada foram coletadas das crianças para se determinar o status secretor salivar para tipo sanguíneo AB. Resultados: A ansiedade diminuiu conforme a idade aumentava; meninos foram mais ansiosos do que as meninas; e crianças mais ansiosas foram encontradas no grupo não secretor. A cárie dental foi maior no grupo não secretor de crianças ansiosas sem diferença significante. Conclusão: Há uma pequena evidência de que o status secretor AB e ansiedade tem influência na experiência e na severidade da cárie dental, assim como há vários fatores que podem interagir para propagar a experiência de cárie e sua severidade.(AU)

Self-Reported Periodontal Disease and its Association with Dental Anxiety in Lagos, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the relationship between dental anxiety and self-reported periodontal status. Material and Methods The study was conducted among 263 patients at the Family Medicine Clinic of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria. Self-assessed gingival and periodontal disease was measured using the validated periodontal disease self-report surveillance questionnaire. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) was used for evaluating dental anxiety. Student's t-test was used to test for association between categorical variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results Seventy-seven (29.3%) participants had high dental anxiety, while 49 (18.6%) had very high dental anxiety. The prevalence of periodontal disease was higher among those with very high dental anxiety (77.6%), while female respondents had a significantly higher proportion of self-reported periodontitis (34.1%). There was a significantly higher prevalence of very high dental anxiety among respondents who had never visited the dentist (23.2%). Similarly, females (19.4%), middle-class respondents (30.8%), and those with a primary level of school education (23.5%) had a higher prevalence of high dental anxiety, even though the association was not significant. Conclusion The prevalence of self-reported periodontal disease among the respondents with very high dental anxiety was higher than in those with high dental anxiety and those without dental anxiety, but the difference was not significant.

Cannabis. Usos y aplicaciones en la práctica odontológica diaria: revisión de la literatura / Cannabis. Uses and applications in daily dental practice: a review of the literature

La evidencia científica presente en la literatura indica que el cannabis puede ser utilizado con fines terapéuticos para tratar distintas afecciones odontológicas. Dado el acceso sencillo a la cavidad bucal, las distintas formulaciones de cannabis pueden aplicarse de forma tópica. La aplicación local de dosis bajas de cannabis ha demostrado alta efectividad para tratar distintas afecciones bucales, constituyendo un tratamiento seguro con baja probabilidad de generar repercusiones sistémicas indeseadas. En la actualidad, está siendo incorporado a materiales convencionales de uso e higiene odontológica con la finalidad de aprovechar sus efectos terapéuticos. El cannabis tiene múltiples usos en odontología: como componen-te de enjuagues bucales y soluciones para la desinfección de conductos radiculares, en tratamientos de trastornos de ansiedad bucal, como complemento en terapias oncológicas, como analgésico para atenuar el dolor inflamatorio y el neuropático, como miorrelajante y condroprotector para tratar trastornos de articulación témporomandibular (ATM) y bruxismo, como osteomodulador para el tratamiento de patologías que comprometen la integridad ósea, como la enfermedad periodontal y la osteoporosis, y para la cicatrización ósea asociada a fracturas, extracciones dentarias e implantes, y como inmunomodulador con potencial terapéutico para tratar patologías autoinmunes como las enfermedades reumáticas. El trata-miento local con cannabis es efectivo, bien tolerado por el paciente y con pocos efectos adversos. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que el cannabis aporta un enorme abanico de posibilidades terapéuticas para tratar distintas afecciones odontológicas, aunque aún se requiere mayor cantidad de estudios científicos que avalen su utilización en cada situación fisiopatológica particular (AU)

The scientific evidence present in the literature indicates that cannabis can be used for therapeutic purposes to treat different dental conditions. Given the easy access to the oral cavity, the different cannabis formulations can be applied topically. The local application of low doses of cannabis has shown high effectiveness in treating different oral conditions, constituting a safe treatment with a low probability of generating unwanted systemic repercussions. It is currently being incorporated into conventional materials for dental use and hygiene in order to take advantage of its therapeutic effects. Cannabis has multiple uses in dentistry: as a component of mouthwashes and solutions for disinfecting root canals, in the treatment of oral anxiety disorders, as a complement in oncological therapies, as an analgesic to reduce inflammatory and neuropathic pain, as a muscle relaxant and chondroprotective to treat temporomandibular joint disorders and bruxism, as an osteomodulator for the treatment of pathologies that compromise bone integrity, such as periodontal disease and osteoporosis, and or bone healing associated with fractures, dental extractions and implants, and as immunomodulator with therapeutic potential to treat autoimmune pathologies such as rheumatic diseases. Local treatment with cannabis is effective, well tolerated by the patient and with few adverse effects. Local treatment with cannabis is effective, well tolerated by the patient and with few adverse effects. Therefore, it can be concluded that cannabis provides an enormous range of therapeutic possibilities to treat different dental conditions, although more scientific studies are still required to support its use in each particular pathophysiological situation (AU)

Evaluación del miedo dental en niños atendidos en la Clínica Odontológica Universidad Franz Tamayo-Bolivia / Avaliação do medo dental em crianças atendidas na Clínica Odontológica da Universidade Franz Tamayo-Bolívia / Evaluation of dental fear in children attended at the Odontological clinic from Franz Tamayo University-Bolivia

El miedo dental en niños puede variar en su naturaleza, intensidad y persistencia, transformándose en un comportamiento negativo y problemático que el dentista debe identificar para proporcionar un apropiado tratamiento. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar el miedo dental en 190 niños y niñas de 4 a 12 años de edad que asistieron al servicio odontológico en la ciudad de El Alto, utilizando la Escala de Evaluación de Miedo en niños ­ Subescala Dental; adicionalmente se recolectó información de experiencias odontológicas previas. Los resultados revelaron una media total de 30,7 ± 8,3 en la escala, lo cual indica que el miedo dental presente es bajo entre los niños evaluados. Tampoco se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a género. En relación a la edad, el grupo de niños entre 10 a 12 años evidenciaron una proporción más elevada (41%) de miedo dental, que los otros grupos de niños de edades menores. La experiencia de visitas odontológicas previas está asociada más frecuentemente a niveles de miedo dental bajo a diferencia de los niveles moderados y altos encontrados en aquellos que asistieron por vez primera. Se identificó que asfixiarse, inyecciones y que un extraño los toque, son aspectos que causan más ansiedad en los niños. El presente estudio concluyó que la prevalencia de miedo dental en los niños de la ciudad de El Alto es bajo y no asociada al género, pero hay evidencia de que puede incrementarse en niños mayores y en aquellos que no tuvieron experiencias odontológicas previas.

Resumo: O medo ao tratamento odontológico pode variar em natureza, intensidade e persistência, provocando ansiedade, pensamentos obsessivos ou diminuição do umbral de dor, derivando num comportamento negativo e problemático, que não somente impede aos pacientes de procurar tratamento, mas também interfere com a eficácia do mesmo. Pelos motivos acima indicados é relevante a identificação do medo ao tratamento odontológico em população pediátrica. No presente estudo tivemos como objetivo avaliar ao tratamento odontológico em crianças de 4 a 12 anos de idade, que atenderam ao serviço odontológico na cidade de El Alto, utilizando a Escala de Avaliação de Medo em crianças ­ Subescala Dentaria, adicionalmente se coletou informação sobre experiências odontológicas previas. O presente estudo, ressalta a importância dequeosdentistasconsideremalémdacondiçãofísicaoestadopsicológicoeemocional. Osresultadosobtidosmostraram uma média de 30,7 ± 8,3 segundo a escala, indicando que o medo dentário foi baixo no grupo de 190 crianças avaliadas. Não se encontraram diferenças significativas em termos de gênero. Ao respeito da idade, o grupo de crianças entre 10 a 12 anos mostrou uma proporção mais alta (41%) de medo quando comparado com os outros grupos de crianças em faixas etárias menores. A experiência de visitas odontológicas previas encontra-se associada com níveis de medo ao tratamento odontológico mais baixos em comparação com níveis moderados e altos nas crianças que assistiram por primeira vez. Se identificou que o fato de se asfixiar, ter injeção aplicada e que contato com uma pessoa alheia, são os aspeitos que causam maior medo nas crianças. O presente estudo concluiu que a prevalência do medo ao tratamento odontológico em crianças da cidade de El Alto é baixa, não associado ao gênero, mas existe evidência de que pode incrementar em crianças maiores e em aqueles que não tiveram experiências odontológicas previas.

Abstract: Dental fear in children can vary in its nature, intensity and persistence, causing anxiety, obsessive thinking or decreasing the pain threshold, transforming into a negative and problematic behavior, that not only prevents patients from seeking treatment but also interferes with its efficacy. Due to the afore mentioned issues, the identification of dental fear in pediatric population is relevant and the dentist must identify to provide appropriate treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate dental fear in boys and girls aged 4 to 12 who attended dental services in the city of El Alto, using the Scale for the Evaluation of Fear in Children - Dental Subscale. Additionally, information was collected from previous dental experiences. The present study highlights the importance that dentists not only consider the physical condition of the patients, but also the psychological and emotional state. The results obtained revealed a total mean of 30.7 ± 8.3 on the scale, which indicates that the dental fear is low among the 190 children evaluated. Neither were significant differences found in terms of gender. In relation to age, the group of children between 10 and 12 years old showed a higher proportion (41%) of dental fear than the other groups of children of younger ages. The experience of previous dental visits is more frequently associated with low levels of dental fear, as opposed to the moderate and high levels found in those who attended for the first time. Choking, injections, and being touched by a stranger have been identified as causing the most anxiety in children. The present study concluded that the prevalence of dental fear in children in the city of El Alto is low and not associated with gender, but there is evidence that it may increase in older children and in those who had no previous dental experiences.

Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale - Faces (MCDASf) into Brazilian Portuguese

Abstract Objective: To translate and culturally adapt the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale - Faces (MCDASf) into Brazilian Portuguese. Material and Methods: The MCDASf consists of eight questions about anxiety toward dental procedures that are answered on a five-point Likert scale ranging from "not worried" (1 point) to "very worried" (5 points). The answers correspond to a scale of face drawings ranging from extremely negative to extremely positive. The process consisted of initial translation, back-translation, expert committee review, and pretesting. Results: The first revised version was applied to 32 children aged 5 to 12 years, 16 from the city of Governador Valadares, Brazil (southeastern region) and 16 from the city of Pelotas, Brazil (southern region). In the first pretest, Item 5 was misunderstood by 6.25% of children in the southern region; Item 6 by 6.25% in both regions; Items 7 and 8 by 87.5% and 100% of those from the southeastern region, respectively, and by 12.5% and 25% of those from the southern region, respectively. Items 7 and 8 were modified by the expert committee, and the second revised version was applied to 32 children, 16 from each region. The only misunderstood items were 4 and 5, both by a 7-year-old boy in Governador Valadares. Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the MCDASf was well understood by the sample of children (AU).

Impact of Laughter Therapy on Anxiety and Pain in Pediatric Dentistry: A Double-Blinded Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of laughter therapy on reducing anxiety and pain during dental procedures in children 5-7 years of age. Material and Methods: 48 children aged 5-7 years were included in this cross-over double-blinded clinical trial after the parents completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorder questionnaire (SCARED). After allocation into two groups: laughter intervention (A) and neutral intervention (B), the anxiety as well as pain were determined by Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale Faces questionnaire (MCDASF) and the Wong-Baker Faces Scale, respectively. Also, the child's behavior during the treatment was recorded using the Sound, Eye, Motor scale (SEM). Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 using Paired t-test, Independent t-test, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon's test. Results: The mean score of anxiety in the laughter intervention group (17.42±2.74) was significantly less than (22.06±2.16) in the neutral intervention group (p=0.000) and lower in boys in both groups (p=0.000, p=0.047). The mean pain severity reported by the children in the neutral intervention group (5.33±1.81) was higher than in the laughter intervention group (2.38±1.87; p=0.00) and higher in girls in both groups (p=0.02; p=0.03). Conclusion: The laughter intervention before dental procedures had a significant effect on reducing anxiety and pain during dental treatment (AU).